Low norepinephrine reddit. Yes, but it's not that your levels are low.
- Low norepinephrine reddit If these enzymes are not working properly, VMA may be low when circulating norepinephrine and/or epinephrine are not low. I never did figure out exactly why my Dopamine wasn't converting to Norepinephrine and Epinephrine but I attributed it either to stress or the low cortisol itself. Yohimbe intensely raises norepinephrine, and I notice that the high levels of norepinephrine from it gives me intense anxiety, nausea, and a cracked out feeling from energy. Having very low norepinephrine levels at a certain cycle of sleep is why you have morning wood, and Adderall apparently boosts norepinephrine levels. If you're in a constant state of inadequate vitamin c, you'll have low norepinephrine and always feel tired. Treatment approaches are more mature now, and I suspect the distinction may receive some attention again. For 8's this = Low activity. It probably depends on what your goal is. In that case, you might want to try something else. Phentermine is a NRA, norepinephrine releasing agent approved for weight loss. Interfering with the conversion of dopamine into norepinephrine will not enhance dopaminergic signaling at all. Going off the vyvanse without a substitute is an option, depending mostly of why you were prescribed it in the first place. (It's been 10 years since I took brain and behavior, so forgive me for any mistakes). Receptors need to die back and reregulate things. Apr 14, 2019 · The enzymes COMT (methylation) and MAOA are needed to make VMA from norepinephrine. I read a few studies that were inconclusive, one measured CSF fluids of epileptic children and didn't find a raise in the by products of Norepinephrine, other studies on mice does show a raise in NE. Most people need about 10gr of salt on these ways of eating. Exercise, nutrition and Vitamin D has helped my ADHD and low Dopamine more than any supplements. << The medical reply. Thus, low levels of Norepinephrine are often associated with a specific PERCEPTUAL Disturbance, which may present differently depending on the Dopamine level. Essentially all dopamine gets converted to norepinephrine in norepinephrine neurons. SNRIs work to influence both serotonin and norepinephrine by preventing a person's brain cells from rapidly absorbing these neurotransmitters. However there are some medications such as strattera (aka atomoxetine) that alleviate adhd in some by increasing norepinephrine levels. When looking at most information about ADHD, its treatments and causes the main neurotransmitters discussed and involved are dopamine and norepinephrine and I understand why of course. How exactly does norepinephrine cause someone to have adhd? Thanks! I’ve been taking bupropion XL 150 mg and it makes me feel both better and worse in different ways. https://pubmed. If you slow down the norepinephrine production, you might have more like 50% norepinephrine and 50% dopamine. Helping people with diabetes, epilepsy, autoimmune disorders, acid reflux, inflammation, hormonal imbalances, and a number of other issues, every day. In my case, I'm not really fully awake unless something is chemically pushing me in that direction (I also take stimulants for ADHD). Akathisia is a medical condition where the sufferer experiences a painful inner restlessness and discomfort that often causes them to stay in motion all of the time, such as pacing, or leg shaking. I’m also pretty sure high levels of norepinephrine can cause heart damage but I don’t have a reference on that on hand right now so take what I said with a grain of salt. Then my symptoms startet to flare up. The enzymes COMT (methylation) and MAOA are needed to make VMA from norepinephrine. Of course, dopamine also has a role, as it reinforces the addictive behavior. Add precursors: on an empty stomach, L-tyrosine (assuming you dont have hyperthyroidism), b vitamin complex and vitamin C - though, theres more cofactors than I can name so its generally best to eat a nutrient diet and take trace minerals. The goal of medication is to increase the amount of these neurotransmitters in the brain and bring them to a normal level. High/low serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, etc. 31 votes, 24 comments. What makes you think that you personally need more norepinephrine? To increase NE, the best option would be prescription medicines like reboxetine, atomoxetine, and wellbutrin. If a patient is in Pure Cardiogenic shock with Low Ejection Fraction, what is the preferred Inotrope? - Dobutamine will lower Blood pressure while increasing Contractility. If norepinephrine raises blood pressure, and Alzheimer's dementia patients have low activity of norepinephrine, do they tend to have low blood pressure? Norepinephrine has more alpha than beta activity (though it does have both), so it results in predominantly vasoconstriction (alpha) and some inotropy (beta). Really fatigued, couldn#t work out, no appetite. High body fat absolutely will lower libido, might also have a lot to do with low testosterone. If a blood test can accurately find out if there is too much norepinephrine, why can't a blood test that tests for low levels be used to diagnose ADHD? Increasing dopamine without increasing norepinephrine is difficult because norepinephrine is synthesised from dopamine. I was diagnosed at a young age and my parents never wanted to medicate me. With dopamine theres a number of things to do to control levels. ncbi. During sleep I dip into the upper 30s. Jan 18, 2015 · That is why sudden bursts of norepinephrine are often linked to anxiety, elevated blood pressure, and hyperactivity. If you aren't symptomatic with a low heart rate then you have nothing to worry about. Low anxiety, deliberate thinking. The only substances that affect all 3 in noticeable levels are dopaminergic stimulants. Apparently low levels of PEA can prevent dopamine from converting to norepinephrine. It’s important to note that estrogen is vital to libido and erectile function in males. But I don’t think exercise comes anywhere close to addictive behavior like that. I realize if there is anyway which would reduce the amount of norepinephrine secreted in the first place, it would be great. Anxiety can be a byproduct of both too low and too high levels of dopamine & norepinephrine. However I was wondering to what extent serotonin plays in the condition, given its varied complex role and wide distribution I would of guessed it had some role This is especially likely on low carb or keto, with an ABSOLUTE MINIMUM requirement of 5gr of salt. A low heart rate is only of concern if you are going dizzy or losing consciousness while it is this low. Hm, the norepinephrine effects of kratom may be why my relationship with Bupropion (Wellbutrin, a super potent epinephrine reuptake inhibitor) suddenly changed so drastically. This is what affects your mood, energy, alertness (norepinephrine) and feeling motivated to do things and everything you do feels great and fun So I believe if your akathisia is caused by low norepinephrine you should drink coffee. I honestly wouldn't consider it a stimulant based on my comparison to coffee. It improves my energy, motivation, cognition, enjoyment and interest, but it also gives me extremely tense muscles that are impossible to relax, insomnia, racing thoughts, excessive sweating, increased heart rate and sometimes shortness of breath. Stimulants target norepinephrine. I understand for at least the most part that adhd is caused by a dopamine imbalance/dysfunction. (Beta1,Beta2) - Norepinephrine will increase the afterload while increasing the Contractility. If the way it works is roughly as this suggests, that serotonin generally raises wakefulness and a calm good mood, and dopamine increases motivations, and norepinephrine is necessary for actually feeling in the body instead of just thinking and behaving in those moods, then Oh, and for laughs, he's gone and put 'surprise' as a low dopamine emotion, when one of the few thigns we DO know about mesolimbic dopamine release (not that this guy bothers to differentiate dopamine release in that pathway from, say, the one that controls whether milk comes out of your nipples) is that it encodes information about surprising Ive read that 2- DPMP has a fairly long half life, but if I were to take it early in the am, could I fall asleep 18 hours later if needed? sorry I know that's kinda impossible to answer, but anyone have any experiences?? or any similar stim that has low norepin compared to dopa release? how was Ethylphenidate compared to Methylphen in terms of Peripheral stimulants? if any tried the two that is. I've been experiencing what I think is a side effect of too much norepinephrine stimulation, It's basically a constant, low-grade tingling/burning sensation that seems to go hand in hand with a heightened anhedonic state. Copper is a cofactor of Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, an enzyme that transforms dopamine to norepinephrine, if your copper levels are low this enzyme might get low too, leading to low norepinephrine, low energy, low blood pressure, etc. This subreddit is a place for those who suffer from akathisia. So we basically are getting the positives without the spike of energy, which would explain the feeling of calm. Norepinephrine robustly causes anti-inflammatory effects in the brain, and encourages phagocytosis of waste products in the brain, such as amyloid beta. Though you could try L-theanine it increases dopamine somewhat. An imbalance of dopamine and norepinephrine leads to the blood pressure/cardiovascular regulation issues that many experience. It is true that norepinephrine is part of our fight/flight pathway, but that doesn't mean it is always associated with bad stress and anxiety. A community to discuss Pristiq (Desvenlafaxine), an antidepressant used to improve mood, feelings, and energy. A lot of antidepressants for example increase norepinephrine, which provides energy and lofts depression. Something really interesting and related to learn about: The Yerkes-Dodson Law states that for a difficult task, if arousal (related to norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations) is too low, performance is weak because the task is perceived as too difficult, but if arousal is too high, the task is too stressful and performance suffers. 5 is a very low dose. I do on vyvanse. Glutathione levels. According to my voice assistant, low norepinephrine levels are associated with symptoms like depression, anxiety, and ADHD. I believe that I have an acute or subacute form of an Autonomic Autoimmune Neuropathy and low levels of some of these hormones are markers for this. Its a mild stimulant. When we talk about Internet addiction, we often focus on dopamine - the feelgood hormone. Just saying. And of course, psychostimulants will temporarily increase the amount or activity of norepinephrine, especially amphetamines, ritalin, modafinil etc. Rather thinking of depressive disorders as deficiency in neurotransmitters try to think of them as chemical imbalances (simplified, many other factors to It seems exaggerated, but I think the core idea might be a key to solving emotional anhedonia and emotional numbness. Bloodwork showed slightly elevated cortiso. Atomoxetine or Straterra is a selective NRI that increases norepinephrine concentration. I read an article saying that parnate elevates norepinephrine slightly more than the other MAOIs, plus I have had low libido. Hello reddit. Adrenaline and epinephrine are two names for the same thing. However, Wellbutrin increases dopamine and norepinephrine, and it made my OCD worse. It stimulates both dopamine and norepinephrine in your brain. The downside is low norepinephrine correlates with an increased risk of depression and PTSD. 5mg) knocks me out. Most days i just feel flat and lack motivation. One of the main areas of the brain where you'll find norepinephrine is a place called the locus ceruleus. It's when neurotransmitters are dumped into the synapse and stay there, that the receptors will down regulate so it takes more neurotransmitter to cause an effect. This takes awhile. I've just been given Venlafaxine, which is supposed to increase serotonin and norepinephrine levels. Too low of estrogen in males will destroy your libido. As far as i understand it works more on norepinephrine and serotonin than dopamine. If Homovanillate (HVA) is low at the same time: This suggests that dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine levels are low. Norepinephrine increases stress while dopamine lowers the pain of doing work. Dilated pupils means your brain is in that mode. It is FDA-approved in the symptomatic management of You can also research the differences in how low dopamine vs low serotonin affect you and see which you most identity with. Plus when I'm off of it, random boners come back, I just have taken Adderall almost every day for the past 12 years. Mirtazapine is amazing. Feb 2, 2021 · Low levels can cause lethargy (lack of energy), lack of concentration, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and possibly depression. (They're basically the same word — in Latin "ad-" means near or on, and "renal" means kidney-related. Conditions that increase norepinephrine (specifically hyperPOTS and pheochromocytoma) are partially diagnosed by a blood test to test the norepinephrine levels in the blood . If you want to increase your stats in a measureable way indoor might be fine or even better, because you train under the same specific circumstances every time, so you can "dose" it very accurately. Are you looking for more or less conversion? spanishinquisition. Dopamine does not get converted to norepinephrine at all in dopaminergic neurons. Also, measure out calories, if you are on keto/low carb and accidentally undereating, this is a MAJOR reason for spiked cortisol. That’s actually how I originally discovered the real chemical issue in my brain and steered my doctors in the right direction. I've personally tried and compared many stimulant medications, so as someone with low norepinephrine levels Adderall helps me function at a physically (and normal) level, while reducing impulses with it's composition, vs Dex, making me edgy due to too much mental energy and not addressing my low energy. Because of this, it is possible that the adrenaline surges people experience in LH are the body trying to counteract the high norepinephrine level by releasing epinephrine, since the body has low dopamine stores available. Dopamine, GABA, opioids, NE, all involved. I believe it is because norepinephrine is activating, hence causing more anxiety in some people. My average resting HR is 46. The prescription medication is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used to bring balance to the serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain. It's making it impossible to get any decent amount of sleep, even though I'm taking all this stuff every night to sleep: Trazodone (75mg) Bioidentical Progesterone Theanine (400mg) Tryptophan I took a blood test for dopamine and norepinephrine levels. Serotonin levels are low in both types which = low activity. A HIGH Dopamine but LOW Norepinephrine State typically presents with See full list on powerofpositivity. gov/19621976/ "Blocking NA alpha(2A)-receptors in the PFC with yohimbine produces a profile similar to ADHD: locomotor hyperactivity, impulsivity and poor working memory. Posted by u/Substantial_Smoke214 - No votes and 2 comments Epinephrine is a alpha 1&2 & beta 1&2 agonist. Add your thoughts and get the conversation going. Could this test be a validation that I truly have ADHD? I know that the test alone couldn't say if I have ADHD, but could it solidify the ADHD diagnosis I got from my doctor? The less Serotonin and Norepinephrine part is correct, but you can have just a low Serotonin MDD, a low Norepinephrine MDD, or have low in both. Caffeine and ephedrine are good for this, but their dopamine effect is not that great. After a decade on adderall and 5 years in the work force, I've come to release I need stress to function well, not necessarily dopamine(I enjoy my work, it's not painful). . It's kind of low, towards the back of the brain. Edit: To answer your question directly, it seems that a lot of patients with SCT might have high amounts of tonic norepinephrine and a low phasic:tonic ratio of norepinephrine. Epinephrine hits all the receptors but norepinephrine is more focused on inotropic effect, or the force of contraction, as well as vasopressor effects, makes the container smaller. Dopamine came out below the normal range, while norepinephrine was extremely close to being under the range. Further reasoning: Self-Control and Self-Awareness are both Norepinephrine-dependent processes; thus low norepinephrine is more often than not, a cause of Impulsivity and recklessness, versus low serotonin, which more often than not, simply causes "impatience" or intolerance - when SUPER low. Other than those, nothing non-Rx really crosses the blood brain barrier. I have ADD, my symptoms resemble low norepinephrine (long/short term memory). Increased dopamine and norepinephrine levels are quite synergistic for weight loss: Dopamine reduces food intake by suppressing appetite while also increasing locomotion (more physical activity/hyperactivity), while norepinephrine is responsible for the thermogenic effect / acceleration of metabolic rate. Apparently eating high tyrosine foods (high protien foods) also help, as well as exercising, and doing things that make you happy. If you guys have learned you had ADHD by taking Sudafed or something, you probably have low levels of noradrenaline too. But the main thing was super low nor-adrenalin and low adrenalin. SNRIs focus mostly on Serotonin and Norepinephrine availability. Posted by u/ihatethisusernametoo - 1 vote and 3 comments. Please be aware & know that long term use of the medication (we are talking years of taking it) can cause some pretty heavy withdrawal symptoms. High/low glutamate levels can cause issues. I am still very much alive. Problems that come from low Norepinephrine: Sleep problems Ways you can improve your Norepinephrine levels: Sleep more. Before Kratom, Wellbutrin worked great for me. If it's more conversion, just googling "dopamine noradrenaline conversion" gave me this: Norepinephrine functions as a neurotransmitter and hormone so it has some very important functions but most importantly, low norepinephrine can be responsible for causing depression. The studies on atomoxetine do not support that theory, and low norepinephrine levels have been correlated with depression and anxiety, which are closely intertwined conditions: Parnate feels like a stimulant sometimes. When my meds are not in my bloodstream, i can literally feel the low blood pressure. I requested bloodwork and my test serum came back low average (467), free test was barely in range (10. I also take it in the morning and feel great relief from morning anxiety. There is also speculation that each of the monoamines involved in depression may produce a distinctly different pattern: anhedonic (low dopamine), melancholic (low serotonin), and anergic (low norepinephrine). I don't have any science to back this claim up, however. Reply reply The Ketogenic Diet is a low carbohydrate method of eating. Does anyone else have this experience. It was a stomach bug. Norepinephrine is an excitatory neurotransmitter that is important for attention and focus. But the actual reason behind addiction is actually another neurotransmitter, norepinephrine. Zyban. There are so many things that can cause the variety of symptoms we have, and i've seen papers on LC affecting all of these areas. Apr 14, 2019 · Low levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine may be associated with addictions, cravings, fatigue, low blood pressure, low muscle tone, intolerance to exercise, depression, loss of alertness. Low levels, on the other hand, can cause lethargy, inattention, and lack of focus and concentration. With time slowly i got back to exercice but not back to real training. This is the opposite of pregabalin. Taking just half the lowest-dose tablet (7. Adderall works on dopamine and norepinephrine. 8 being the low end of range), and seemingly otherwise normal numbers for FSH LH thyroid and most everything else, except they didn't run estrogen tests even after I asked twice. But be warned, it takes the body a week or two to adjust to the sudden spike in adrenaline, and it caused really uncomfortable anxiety for the first few days. My digestion wasn#t the best either. Based on what I have read, low catecholamines levels at rest are not diagnostic but very informative when it comes to certain forms of dysautonomia. Epinephrine, by contrast, is pure beta, so it results only in inotropy, with no increase in vasoconstriction. I have had issues with ADHD, appropriate behavior, social cues and getting regular enjoyment out of activities/walking around low energy and low motivation like OP my whole life. I take it in the evening after office and feel very relaxed. It was fine when I started taking, but after about a week or so of 2g/day, it seemed to be ruining my sleep. People with ADHD are thought to be deficient in primarily dopamine and norepinephrine. All it will do is screw up your norepinephrine system. But the reason it feels that way is because of huge releases of dopamine AND norepinephrine, so you get body high euphoria through adrenal axis and dopamine influx. As another user correctly said, it’s very complex and probably still not totally understood. Some anti-depressant medications affect norepinephrine levels in the brain. I guess it reduces the amount of norepinephrine present. Many supplements focus excessively on… If your brain converts 7 of those molecules of dopamine into norepinephrine, at any one time you'll have 70% norepinephrine and 30% dopamine. Symptoms of low norepinephrine levels include: Loss of alertness Memory problems 14 votes, 16 comments. However, there are depressed people with low norepinephrine and/or glutamate. This is actually how it FEELS. It dampened my emotions and I was tired and unmotivated during the day. Elevated levels of epinephrine can be factors contributing to restlessness, anxiety, sleep problems, or acute stress. Can anyone offer any assistance with how to help dopamine convert to norepinephrine? Confused. Tl;dr it's all relative yo My theory is it has to do with norepinephrine. Low levels have been found in patients with depression, particularly the atypical and inflammatory types of depression. In schizophrenia, the anhedonic trait (negative symptom), it’s thought to be an under-activity of dopaminergic neurons in the mesocortical pathway. In the case Norepinephrine isn't low (or even high), depression would likely be accompanied with anxiety symptoms too. I would wake up frequently and was unable to sleep deeply. So my assupmtion now is more like may: high Norepinephrine(or high epinephrine)-low Gaba- low Dopamine My approech would be to calm/lower Norepinephrine (which balance dopamine on long term) and may increase Gaba with glutamine which seemed to work fine for me (better then gaba, Lemon Balm). I’ve had Addison’s disease for 27 years and have been on and off anti-depressants. You're wearing a heart monitor. Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) , major depressive disorder, atypical antidepressant , Epileptic seizures , ADHD, alleviate sexual dysfunction, weight loss, releasing agent of dopamine and norepinephrine (NDRA), similarly to other cathinones , Wellbutrin SR and XL Bupropion blocks nicotinic receptors non-competitively - its blockade does not depend on the concentration of the agonist present (acetylcholine or any other ligand) since it doesn't interfere with the function of said agonist directly but rather reduces overall extent to which the agonist would possibly activate the site, in effect reducing the overall activity at the site regardless of any Norepinephrine is responsible for how the person reacts to stress and anxiety and is associated with the fight-or-flight response. nih. Norepinephrine is related to arousal , energy , working memory and attention. true. 9 with 9. Low blood pressure can be very serious and is also, generally uncomfortable. You stop the meds, tons more receptors to mop up serotonin equals less hanging around. Any effect you may feel is likely placebo and short-lived. Norepinephrine is an alpha & beta 1 agonist. This is a simplification, but basically, excess norepinephrine production "eats up" dopamine. This stress-like state leads to sluggishness and mind-wandering (and positive things like creativity too). The low dopamine and norepinephrine levels really are a different but strong kind of pain Seeking Empathy I'm on a lot of medication that i‘m forced to take and they blocked ADHD meds for me because they were concerned I was just addicted to the meds and should avoid since I had drug-induced psychosis (but I also had a lot of delusions sober). Try adding low dose dxm or memantine, magnesium, zinc, tyrosine, sleeping, exercising, eating well, avoiding sugar and alcohol, and stick to that with no stimulants sans caffeine or armodafinil for at least 2 weeks, then slowly add them back in at a lower dose while continuing to have nmda antagonists and other supportives to prevent burnout Be the first to comment Nobody's responded to this post yet. Rhodiola works on serotonin and norepinephrine, dopamine. If you are one of those, it could make you more depressed. High Dopamine, Low Norepinephrine Question Just did a bunch of catecholamines serum testing and was a bit stunned to learn that my dopamine level is 2X the upper limit and I've got virtually no norepinephrine in my blood. I feel like I'm on cocaine all the time, but without the high. That's good to hear. Well bdnf and ngf and associated with laziness, so that would be lions mane. I've tried SSRIs, Zoloft brought some colour and clarity back at one point - could this be because Zoloft increases dopamine at high doses? Don’t think you “feel” dopamine, but you probably feel the effects of low levels of dopamine in the brain: inattentive, restless, poor executive function, fatigue, insomnia, etc. Hi y'all. Also, Serotonin decreases limbic activitiy and Norepinephrine tends to increase it. com Jul 4, 2008 · Low levels of epinephrine can also contribute to weight gain and poor concentration. (Alpha1, Beta1) Strattera contains atomoxetine Hcl (sold among other brand names), which is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor of presynaptic dopamine & norepinephrine vectors used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS). Result your brain will have low levels of both serotonin and dopamine. You take it and you feel an irresistable urge to sleep, in addition to experiencing a great feeling of pleasantness. Norepinephrine comes along with it and is the “fight or flight” adrenaline response. If it doesn't work at a certain dose for you, in my experience, I believe you will known. ATX is unscheduled and has no abuse or recreational use potential. Basically, they don't know how to create drugs that substantially alleviate depression in most patients and aren't subject to recreational usage or abuse, so they keep churning out more serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor garbage. The adrenal gland is the one responsible as I understand it for the norepinephrine response that causes the euphoria. Furthermore, Norepinephrine is a very effective vasopressor. If it doesn't help, they will likely kick it up to 75. Some Anxiety, good arousal level, stimulated but not restless. May 25, 2013 · My norepinephrine is through the roof. /r/keto is place to share thoughts, ideas, benefits, and experiences around eating within a Ketogenic lifestyle. More dopamine helps the ADHD brain focus instead of seeking out other low hanging fruit pleasures. If it is caused by antipsychotics, it is probably a dopamine deficiency which can be helped by dopamine agonists and made worse by antidepressants or sleep meds like trazodone that function as antidepressants. For 4's this = Medium activity. The secondary difference is found in norepinephrine , 8's having low levels and 4's being neutral . Yes, but it's not that your levels are low. High/low acetycholine levels. 37. SNRI stands for Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor, meaning it increases the amount of both neurotransmitters readily available by halting the reuptake/reabsorption by the neurons. I've tried SSRIs, Zoloft brought some colour and clarity back at one point - could this be because Zoloft increases dopamine at high doses? I've just been given Venlafaxine, which is supposed to increase serotonin and norepinephrine levels. Dopamine has a lot of involvement in reward and the expectation of reward, epinephrine and norepinephrine promote wakefulness and alertness and have some involvement in memory IIRC, etc. Lowered Norepinephrine levels have been connected to hypotension and especially orthostatic hypotension. nlm. Wellbutrin -Bupropion , all things related to this antidepressant. Perhaps, low norepinephrine combined with poor sleep - not a depressed feeling, but not good feeling. The NDRI Wellbutrin (increases norepinephrine and dopamine) is not usually prescribed in the UK. having high levels of norepinephine is definitely linked to improved brain health, compared to having low levels. Longterm increased serotonin also downregulates dopamine (causing emotional blunting and anhedonia). readb qlpm aalbjs sar neok syl tdflv xnqu yqasoa uzjuaj pfqflx ydnyngk vlghru vjfu arzsism